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In the turn of 10th and 11th century the territory of Cherven Cities or Cherven Towns ((ポーランド語:Grody Czerwieńskie)) was a point of dispute between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia (Kievan Rus'), each claiming its own rights to the land. Finally it became a part of Ruthenia. ==History== Originally the name "Cherven Cities" identified probably a territory between the Bug and Wieprz rivers. Its name derived from Cherven ("Cherv" means "red" in Slavic languages), a ''gord'' that existed there, possibly on the site of the present village of Czermno.〔 〕 From the mid-950s onward, the Lendians were politically anchored in the Bohemian sphere of influence. Cosmas of Prague (c. 1045 – 1125) relates that the Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia controlled the land of Kraków until 999.〔''Die Chronik der Böhmen des Cosmas von Prag. Berlin, 1923'' (MGH SS rer. Germ. NS, 2). I, 33–34. Page 60.〕 In support of Cosmas, the foundation charter of the Archdiocese of Prague (1086) traces the eastern border of the archdiocese, as established in 973, along the Bug and Styr (or Stryi rivers.〔The entire vicinity of Krakow was to be administered from Prague: "…ad orientem hos fluvios habet terminos: Bug scilicet et Ztir cum Cracouua civitate provintiaque cui Uuag nomen est cum omnibus regionibus ad predictam urbem pertinentibus, que Cracouua est".〕 Abraham ben Jacob, who travelled in Eastern Europe in 965, remarks that Boleslaus II of Bohemia ruled the country "stretching from the city of Prague to the city of Kraków".〔''Relacja Ibrahima Ibn Ja'kuba z podróży do krajów słowiańskich w przekazie Al-Bekriego''. Kraków, 1946 (MPH NS. 1). Page 50.〕 At one point in the 970s, Mieszko I of Poland apparently took over the region: the ''Primary Chronicle'' infers this when reporting that Vladimir I of Kiev conquered the "Red Cities" from the Poles in 981. Vladimir of Kievan Rus' took over the Red Ruthenian strongholds in his military campaign on the border with the land of Lendians. Nestor reports in his chronicle that: "Vladimir marched upon the Lyakhs (''k Lyakbotri'') and took their cities: Peremyshl (modern Przemyśl), Cherven (modern Czermno), and other towns".〔〔The later Halych-Volhynian Chronicle, when describing King Danylo's expedition to Kalisz in 1227, remarks that "no other prince had entered so far into Poland, apart from Vladimir the Great, who had christened that land".〕〔"Powieść minionych lat", tłum. F. Sielicki, Wrocław – Warszawa – Kraków 1999 ("Primary Chronicle" in Polish translation)〕〔S. Plokhy. "The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus". Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 57.〕 In 1018 Poland retook the area;〔A. Buko. "The archaeology of early medieval Poland". Brill. 2008. (p. 307 )〕 in 1031 it fell again to Rus. The Rus'ian expedition against Poland (1030–1031) had as its object not only the recovery of territories previously lost (1018); it also delivered a powerful blow against the Polish Metropolis of Slavonic rite.〔Paszkiewicz. The making of the Russian nation, 1977 p. 104〕 In 1031 Harald and his men reached the land of the Kievan Rus, where they served the armies of Yaroslav I the Wise, the Grand Prince of the Rus, whose wife Ingigerd was a distant relative of Harald. In the spring 1031, where he became chief of Yaroslav's bodyguard jointly with Eilifr, son of that Rognvaldr who had originally come to Novgorod with Ingigerd. Harald served a military apprenticeship, fighting in the Polish campaign of 1031, and against to Leasir people.〔Äfven i ett annat slaviskt lånord år ja substitueradt med æ, nåmligen læsir = Ijach, n. pi. Ijasi 'Polack, () s. Axel Olrik i Festskrift til Vilh. Thomsen, 126 f.; () trans. Arkiv för nordisk filologi: t. 19-20. page 280〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cherven Cities」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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